Suchergebnisse

The article analyses the concepts of and proposals for constitutional reforms put forward by one of the Polish democratic political groups, which was established in exile after the fall of the November Uprising (1830-1831). Young Poland, which was a part of an international conspiratorial organisation founded by Giuseppe Mazzini (Young Europe), an organisation marked by revolutionary democratism, which, according to Polish emigrants, meant primarily striving for national character, seeing its goal in regaining national independence lost by Poland as a result of partitions. In addition, however, the concepts of members of Young Poland strongly emphasized both Christian and Utopian socialist themes. The foundation of these concepts referred to republican ideas that arose from the Great French Revolution and were based on the principles of freedom, equality and fraternity.

The issues which are the subject of this analysis concern the process of organising the food administration structure of the Polish army during the national liberation uprising against the Russian Empire known as the November Uprising. In the period of less than a year from the outbreak to the collapse of the Uprising, the administration responsible for supplying the army with food underwent several structural changes, as the insurrectionary authorities strove to create a legal institution which would meet the supply obligations imposed on it efectively and on time. Basing mainly on archival sources, the author reconstructs the evoltion of the organisation of both the structure of the army's central food administration with particular emphasis on its office principles, as well as its field organs and subordinate field cells.

The present analysis concerns military requisitions used during the second Polish national uprising in chronological order. The institution of military requisitions was usually caused by shortages in supplying the army with items essential, from its point of view, for carrying out military operations (foodstuffs, means of transport, equipment for soldiers). These shortages were compensated by legal or illegal seizures of private property. The civil and military authorities, if necessary, decided on the compulsory supply of the indicated products and items for the population by means of generally binding regulations. The author bases his discussion on materials from the legislative process and selected archival sources concerning the implementation of the requisitioning provisions of the insurgent parliament.

This article analyses the institution of administrative duties which in the interwar period were imposed on individuals in the public interest in order to perform certain tasks belonging to public administration – in this case, the administration of the armed forces. These obligations consisted in providing the army in peacetime with means of transport owned by certain entities, which were deemed necessary by the military authorities in order to perform tasks arising from the responsibilities granted to them. The analysis made by the author was carried out on the example of the obligation to provide the army with transport means in the form of water means of inland navigation and aircraft. ; W niniejszym artykule poddano analizie instytucję obowiązków administracyjnych, które w okresie międzywojennym nakładane były na jednostki w interesie publicznym w celu wykonania określonych zadań należących do administracji publicznej, w tym przypadku – administracji sił zbrojnych. Obowiązki te polegały na dostarczeniu wojsku w czasie pokoju będących w posiadaniu określonych podmiotów środków transportowych, które uznane zostały przez władze wojskowe za niezbędne do realizacji zadań wynikających z przyznanych im kompetencji. Dokonana przez autora analiza przeprowadzona została na przykładzie obowiązku dostarczania na rzecz wojska środków przewozowych w postaci wodnych środków żeglugi śródlądowej i statków powietrznych.

This article analyses the institution of administrative duties which in the interwar period were imposed on individuals in the public interest in order to perform certain tasks belonging to public administration – in this case, the administration of the armed forces. These obligations consisted in providing the army in peacetime with means of transport owned by certain entities, which were deemed necessary by the military authorities in order to perform tasks arising from the responsibilities granted to them. The analysis made by the author was carried out on the example of the obligation to provide the army with transport means in the form of water means of inland navigation and aircraft. ; W niniejszym artykule poddano analizie instytucję obowiązków administracyjnych, które w okresie międzywojennym nakładane były na jednostki w interesie publicznym w celu wykonania określonych zadań należących do administracji publicznej, w tym przypadku – administracji sił zbrojnych. Obowiązki te polegały na dostarczeniu wojsku w czasie pokoju będących w posiadaniu określonych podmiotów środków transportowych, które uznane zostały przez władze wojskowe za niezbędne do realizacji zadań wynikających z przyznanych im kompetencji. Dokonana przez autora analiza przeprowadzona została na przykładzie obowiązku dostarczania na rzecz wojska środków przewozowych w postaci wodnych środków żeglugi śródlądowej i statków powietrznych.

The aim of this article is to analyse the issues related to a political upheaval as a form of the succession of royal power in the monarchy of united Israel in the period that started during the reign of the first king of the Hebrews – Saul – till the last years David spent on the throne. During the period analysed in this article, there were several unsuccessful attempts to seize power through a political coup. Due to the fact that the inheritance based on the principle of primogeniture was never unambiguously introduced in the Kingdom of Israel, the most serious upheaval, described as a palace revolution, took place at the end of King David's life. As a result, the younger son of David – Solomon – ascended to Israel's throne, despite the fact that there were no legitimate grounds for him to take power. ; Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza zagadnień związanych z przewrotem politycznym jako formą sukcesji władzy królewskiej w monarchii zjednoczonej Izraela w okresie panowania pierwszego króla Hebrajczyków – Saula, po czasy ostatnich lat pobytu na tronie Dawida. W okresie, który został poddany analizie, miało miejsce kilka nieudanych prób przejęcia władzy królewskiej w drodze przewrotu politycznego. W związku z faktem, iż w królestwie izraelskim nie wprowadzono w sposób jednoznaczny dziedziczenia tronu na zasadzie primogenitury, doszło pod koniec życia króla Dawida do najpoważniejszego przewrotu, określanego jako przewrót pałacowy. W następstwie tego wydarzenia na tron Izraela wstąpił młodszy syn Dawida – Salomon, mimo że nie było uzasadnionych podstaw do przejęcia przez niego władzy.

This article is a synthetic analysis of the events of the Spring of Nations in France, which preceded the adoption of the Constitution of the Second French Republic on 4 November 1848. The author presents the main causes of the revolutionary events, the course of these events until 1848 as well as the most important legal reforms of political and social nature undertaken during that period. ; This article is a synthetic analysis of the events of the Spring of Nations in France, which preceded the adoption of the Constitution of the Second French Republic on 4 November 1848. The author presents the main causes of the revolutionary events, the course of these events until 1848 as well as the most important legal reforms of political and social nature undertaken during that period.

The article discusses the relationship between the concepts of "legal security" and "coup d'état" on the basis of the evolution of these concepts over the centuries. The analysis of the terms which the author is interested in, adopted as the subject of this study, leads to the conclusion that, in particular, the concept of "coup d'état" is often mistakenly refereed to as a "revolution" or a "putsch". A political upheaval, one of the methods of which is a coup d' état, should be regarded, in the light of the research carried out, as deviating from the concept and character of a social up-heaval. In the case of a political upheaval, the legal security of the individual is usu-ally protected as before, and a possible lack of such security should only be treated as a result of the natural tendency of the individual to protect his or her legal status within a state organisation. It is only with changes of social (class) character, which may be an indirect consequence of a political upheaval, that the addresses of legal norms may have justified concerns about their legal safety. ; The article discusses the relationship between the concepts of "legal security" and "coup d'état" on the basis of the evolution of these concepts over the centuries. The analysis of the terms which the author is interested in, adopted as the subject of this study, leads to the conclusion that, in particular, the concept of "coup d'état" is often mistakenly refereed to as a "revolution" or a "putsch". A political upheaval, one of the methods of which is a coup d' état, should be regarded, in the light of the research carried out, as deviating from the concept and character of a social up-heaval. In the case of a political upheaval, the legal security of the individual is usu-ally protected as before, and a possible lack of such security should only be treated as a result of the natural tendency of the individual to protect his or her legal status within a state organisation. It is only with changes of social (class) character, which may be an indirect consequence of a political upheaval, that the addresses of legal norms may have justified concerns about their legal safety.

Przedmiot badań niniejszej analizy związany jest z francuskimi regulacjami prawnymi w zakresie rekwizycji wojskowych będącymi elementem spójnego systemu obrony państwa, który opiera się w sferze normatywnej na zasadniczym akcie prawnym, jakim jest Kodeks Obrony (Le code de la defense) z 2004 roku. W trakcie rozważań autor przedstawia zakres rozwiązań prawnych odnoszących się do rekwizycji wojskowych, procedury ich dokonywania, systemu rekompensat i odszkodowań oraz sankcji karnych ustanowionych za przekroczenie przepisów rekwizycyjnych.